Understanding Canine Vestibular Disease

If your dog suddenly seems dizzy, unsteady, or begins tilting their head to one side, it indicates a lack of awareness of where their body is in space. Many pet parents fear the worst, such as a stroke, when they see these symptoms. In dogs, however, the more likely culprit is vestibular disease. While it can look alarming, understanding what’s happening will help you respond with confidence.

Understanding Your Dog’s Balance System

Have you ever wondered how your dog can twist midair to land on their feet or sprint across uneven ground without stumbling? The secret lies in their vestibular system, the part of the body that controls balance and spatial orientation.

The vestibular system works like your dog’s internal gyroscope. It’s made up of two main parts:

• The inner ear (peripheral vestibular system): Inside each ear are tiny fluid-filled canals and sensory cells that detect head movement and position. When your dog tilts their head, turns quickly, or jumps these sensors send signals to the brain about how their body is moving in space.

• The brainstem and cerebellum (central vestibular system): These areas process signals from the inner ear and coordinate them with information from the eyes and muscles. This helps your dog keep their eyes steady while moving and maintain posture—even when running full speed after a ball.

What Is Vestibular Disease?

In dogs, vestibular disease occurs when there is a disturbance in the balance system. It can be classified as:

• Peripheral Vestibular Disease: the most common form, usually involving the inner or middle ear. Idiopathic or ear infection are the most common forms of peripheral vestibular disease. 

• Central Vestibular Disease: less common but more serious, caused by issues within the brain itself.

Signs You May Notice at Home

Dogs with vestibular disease often show sudden onset of:

• Head tilt

• Loss of balance, stumbling, or falling over

• Circling to one side

• Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)

• Nausea, drooling, or vomiting due to dizziness

• Reluctance or inability to stand

Nystagmus Directions:

• Horizontal (side-to-side): most common, often associated with peripheral disease. The fast phase usually “runs away” from the problem side.

• Vertical (up-and-down): more often linked to central disease, which has a more serious prognosis.

• Rotary (circular): more often linked to central disease, which has a more serious prognosis.

👉 Important: If you notice vertical, rotary, or changing-direction nystagmus, this is more concerning for central disease. Referral to a neurologist and/or advanced imaging (MRI or CT) is often recommended.

A Word of Caution with Ear Symptoms

If your dog shows vestibular signs along with ear issues (discharge, odor, redness), do NOT put anything in the ear until after a veterinary evaluation. Not all ear medications are safe, some can even cause permanent deafness if the eardrum is ruptured.